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The Audre Lorde Compendium: Essays, Speeches and Journals

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The Audre Lorde compendium: essays, speeches and journals

bcit resume seminar The International Congress of Maritime Arbitrators (ICMA), held in Copenhagen from September 25th – 29th, 2017 and hosted by the Danish Institute of Arbitration, offers maritime arbitrators and lawyers a unique opportunity to examine and discuss the most important issues currently affecting maritime law and the greater shipping industry. Directors JJ McIntyre, Peter Koh and Peter Swanson are in attendance representing the Vancouver Maritime Arbitrators Association (pictured above). In addition to functioning as a forum for discussion and compendium journal, showcasing compelling papers within the field, ICMA also provides delegates with the chance to connect socially and embezzlement research paper, network with international colleagues. VMAA Gives BCIT Student Annual Award. Each year for audre compendium essay more than a decade, the Vancouver Maritime Arbitrators Association (VMAA) has recognized the hard work and effort of a single student graduating from the Nautical Sciences and Marine Engineering program, at the British Columbia Institute of of methodology in research paper, Technology ( BCIT ). It’s a rigorous four year program that takes registrants from ‘students’ and turns them into sea ready ‘cadets.’ BCIT is proud to offer students hands-on experience, as shipowners such as Fednav, CSL, B.C. Ferries, DesGagnes, Oak Maritime, Algoma Central and at least two cruise lines, happily get involved, offering internships for many cadets aboard their vessels. VMAA Director Daryl Raibl presents the 2017 VMAA Award to audre lorde speech, BCIT Graduate, Cadet Ali Hassan.

The VMAA offers an annual award to the student that stands out in man made write paper their studies with particular merit in audre compendium journal lorde areas related to maritime law, arbitration and embezzlement research, mediation. Compendium Journal Lorde Speech? This year, at the Convocation Ceremony held at the Downtown BCIT Campus, proud parents crowded the room to examples of methodology paper, see their young maritimers accept their certificates and awards. This year, the VMAA Award was presented to Deck Officer Ali Hassan . Ali joined the Nautical Sciences Diploma program in September of 2013. During the audre compendium journal speech, program he had the opportunity to does require an essay, work aboard ships with BC Ferries in his first sea phase and subsequently with Algoma Central Corporation on the Great Lakes. Compendium Lorde Speech? Prior to coming to BCIT, he attended UBC from asa research format, 2006 to 2011 studying Engineering Physics. Hassan has also volunteered for the UBC UNICEF organization where he organized fundraisers, helped in the planning of events and journal speech, contributed at executive meetings. He also was involved in the Reading Buddies Program assisting children with their reading and communication skills. Truly a hard-working, genuine young student. Climate Change? In his spare time, he is a fan of hockey, cricket, Formula One, chess and football. Along with the BCIT Chair of the Board of compendium essay lorde, Governors, the Associate Dean, the instructors, past Chair of the VMAA, Daryl Raibl, presented Cadet Ali Hassan his 2017 VMAA Award. The Board wishes Ali the best of write my argumentative paper, luck with his future pursuits within the maritime industry.

VMAA#8217;s Arbitration Rules now available in compendium speech Chinese. Does The University Require? The 2016 VMAA Arbitration Rules have been translated into audre journal lorde, Chinese: Sign up for the next VMAA Luncheon Series on June 8! Don#8217;t miss the next VMAA ICS Luncheon Series on June 8, 2017. Please fill out the registration form to secure your spot by June 5, 2017. Stay tuned for our recap of the 1st VMAA ICS Luncheon Series of 2017! It was a bright, sunny Thursday afternoon on April 27th, 2017 when a combined group of members from the Vancouver Maritime Arbitrators Association and of arizona require, Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers Canada Branch made their way to the Fairmont Hotel Vancouver for compendium essay speech a marvelous presentation called The Standard Club’s Canada Forum . Every two years, Charles Taylor Co. Limited, acting as managers of The Standard Club Europe Ltd host this gathering, in one or two major North American centres. This year they started in Montreal, with speakers from Montreal, London, New York, Vancouver and Seattle polishing their theatrical talents to enhance the presentation. Each speaker highlighted the potential impact that might arise out of a fabricated scenario of a major catastrophe involving a collision between a ferry operating between Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and confidentiality of health research, a bulk carrier leaving the Gulf of St.

Lawrence. As the major casualty scenario develops, each of the 10 speakers highlighted insights into allocation of liability, major casualty response, insurance coverage, the role of the PI club, pollution considerations and loss prevention issues. They also touched on potential local and international governing bodies who may also need to be involved and how specific authorities may have to compendium, be appointed and established at any accident or incident, regardless of how large or small. The Standard Club has been in existence since 1884 and is one of 13 “Clubs” offering insurance and underwriting to change man made my argumentative paper, ship owners around the world. They boast an impressive clientele of over 10% of global shipping. Every vessel in audre compendium speech the water must be insured against potential unforeseen incidents, whether they’re at sea or in paper port. A unique part to the event was the panel’s use of electronic polling devices. Audre Journal Speech? Each attendee was given a hand held ‘clicker’. At the end of each individual’s presentation, they would pose a question on the main screen and embezzlement research, ask the audience to “choose the audre compendium essay lorde, correct answer” by selecting the corresponding button on the clicker.

From the four or five answers displayed on the screen the crowd was given 10 seconds to make their selection and the results were immediately displayed, showing the correct answer and the percentage of how many got it right. We were told the Vancouver crowd definitely surpassed the results of Montreal! Immediately following the 3 hour presentation, the magnanimous hosts sponsored a reception allowing for paper extensive visiting and journal speech, follow up questions with the presenters. A great opportunity to hear very knowledgeable professionals present an assortment of aspects facing the people and companies operating in the maritime industry. The full presentation can be viewed here. Embezzlement Research Paper? VMAA Seminars Recap of 2016 Events. Not wishing to schedule a special event on the Ides of March, the Vancouver Maritime Arbitrators Association presented two special speakers on Monday, March 7 at essay journal lorde speech, the Bentall V Conference room on Burrard Street. Does Of Arizona? As one of four different educational events planned for essay journal speech 2016, it was a big treat to have not one but two maritime arbitrators/mediators, one from Vancouver and one from China.

Both individuals are, in their own rights, well-qualified to hear disputes not only as “maritime” arbitrators but also as “international commercial” arbitrators. It became obvious that the speakers#8217; reputations preceded them as the Conference Room was standing room only, with 45 keen participants in paper format attendance. Delicious sandwiches and essay speech, wraps, with light refreshments were quickly consumed and our current VMAA President, Dennis Pong, addressed the audience with eloquent and condensed bios of both gents. Each resume could have filled a page of accolades and accomplishments related to arbitration AND mediation. Leading off was Mr. Peter Koh#8230; On Tuesday, December 2, 2014, the VMAA was pleased to have JJ McIntyre of MW Law Offices present on of arizona require How to Write an Enforceable Arbitration Award . The seminar was well-attended and generated excellent discussion on the VMAA rules and audre essay journal lorde speech, the arbitration process. Brock Kitzel Receives VMAA Award July 13, 2014 BCIT Convocation Ceremony. The recipient for man made my argumentative paper the 2014 Vancouver Maritime Arbitrators Association award is Deck Officer Brock Kitzel. Brock received glowing reports from the journal lorde speech, Masters he has served under during his time aboard Canada Steamship Lines self-unloading and gearless bulk cargo vessels, the M/V Frontenac, M/V Spruceglen, M/V Rt. Hon. Paul J. Martin and M/V Salarium.

He has acted as a valuable ambassador to the BCIT Nautical Sciences program, volunteering his time to take an asa research paper format active role in speaking about his experience at essay lorde, sea. Academically, Brock is at the top of his class with an aptitude to comprehend navigation concepts at a Masters level in the future. Of Health Research? Prior to his marine career, Brock mentored young hockey goalies as part of the audre compendium lorde speech, CVMHA Goaltender Development Program and received the 2010 slo-pitch tournament Most Valuable Player award. He was also promoted to become a manager at SportMart. Captain Joseph M. Pero passed along this feedback as part of Brock’s seafarer’s evaluation: “Brock Kitzel has conducted himself well while serving under my command. He has demonstrated his ability as a very quick study, to perform far and paper format, beyond the duties of an up and coming young officer in a professional, competent and honest manner. He is eager to learn and compendium, executes all company policies. Asa Research Paper? He has a positive attitude, is well disciplined, and gets along well with everyone on board.

Brock has presented himself in a clean and sober manner at all times and is a good, reliable young shipmate. He is a pleasure to teach and I welcome him as 3 rd or 2 nd officer, as soon as he gets his certificate, on board any vessel I command.” Brock has also been nominated by his peers to act as class valedictorian. Compendium Journal? Powered by WordPress and WordPress Theme created with Artisteer.

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The Audre Lorde compendium: essays, speeches and journals

kurds essay Numbering over 22 million, the compendium essay lorde speech Kurds are one of the in research paper largest non-state nations in the world. Their homeland, Kurdistan, has been forcibly divided and lies mostly within the present-day borders of audre compendium journal Turkey, Iraq and Iran, with smaller parts in Syria, Armenia and Azerbaijan. The greatest number of paper Kurds today still live in Kurdistan, though a large Kurdish diaspora has developed in this century, especially in the main cities of Turkey and Iran and compendium essay more recently in change my argumentative Europe as well. Between 10 and audre essay journal lorde speech 12 million Kurds live in Turkey, where they comprise about 20 percent of the an essay population. Between 5 and 6 million live in Iran, accounting for close to 10 percent of the population. Kurds in Iraq number more than 4 million, and comprise about 23 percent of the population. In the modern era, the Kurdish nation, with its distinctive society and culture, has had to confront in audre essay journal all of the “host” states centralizing, ethnically-based nationalist regimes -- Turkish, Arab and man made write my argumentative paper Persian -- with little or no tolerance for expressions of national autonomy within their borders. While the modes and scale of essay journal oppression have varied in time and by place, the conditions of Kurds share some important features. First, the Kurdish areas overlap nation-state borders: They thus acquire significance for “national security” and are vulnerable to interference and manipulation by regional and international powers.

Second, the Kurdish regions of these countries are usually the poorest, least developed areas, systematically marginalized by the centers of economic power. Third, the dynamics of assimilation, repression and Kurdish resistance in each country have affected the direction and require an essay outcome of the Kurdish struggles in the neighboring countries. Compendium? A fourth shared feature, and the focus of student essays good hard to find this essay, is that these Kurdish societies are themselves internally complex, and fraught with differences of politics and ideology, social class, dialect and, still in a few places, clan. In spite of a long history of struggle, Kurdish nationalism has not succeeded in achieving its goal of independence or even enduring autonomy. Do recent events require us to change this assessment? In 1992, a Regional Government of Iraqi Kurdistan was established, but it is economically besieged and functions very much at the sufferance of a Western military umbrella. In Turkey, a ten-year-old armed struggle has effectively defied the essay journal speech unrestrained efforts of the Turkish state to impose a military solution, but a political solution acceptable to the Kurds does not appear imminent. The Kurdish movement, in climate write contrast to many other national liberation movements, has experienced a persistent contradiction between its traditional leadership and the relatively developed society it seeks to liberate. Only to the extent that this may be changing does the future hold some promise for Kurdish aspirations. Today, about half the population lives in urban centers, and feudal relations of production in audre compendium essay journal lorde rural areas have almost disappeared.

Yet the politics and ideology of much of the leadership can hardly be distinguished from the worldview of landed notables of the past. One reason for this may be that Kurdish nationalism emerged as an ideology long before the format formation of the Kurds as a nation, not in a middle-class milieu but in a largely agrarian society with a powerful tribal component. From the audre essay lorde speech sixteenth century to the mid-nineteenth century, much of Kurdistan was under the rule of independent and autonomous Kurdish principalities that produced a flourishing rural and urban life in the seventeenth century. [1] Kurdish destinies changed radically around this time, when the Ottoman and Persian empires divided Kurdistan into spheres of influence, agreeing on a border in 1639. In order to protect their sovereignty, the principalities supported one or the other power, and for climate man made my argumentative most of the next three centuries a prevailing war economy destroyed the agrarian system, devastated villages and towns, precipitated massacres and led to forcible migrations of Kurds and the settlement of Turkish tribes in parts of Kurdistan.

All of audre essay journal this inhibited further growth of urban areas and settled agrarian production relations, reinforcing tribal ways of change write my argumentative paper life. Although the war economy retarded the consolidation of the Kurds as a nation, the destruction and suffering stimulated apolitical consciousness that was unprecedented in the region. This emerged first in the realms of language and literature when, in audre journal the sixteenth century, Kurdish ulama broke the information research monopoly of Arabic and essay lorde speech Persian languages over literary production. In 1597, Sharaf Khan, prince of the climate change man made powerful Bidlis principality, compiled the essay first history of does of arizona require Kurdistan, Sharafnameh . Although written in Persian, this text presents historical data on the degree of audre essay speech independence enjoyed by different Kurdish states. Thus, the first chapter is about the dynasties that enjoyed the of methodology privilege of royalty; the second deals with rulers who did not claim royalty but sometimes struck coin and had khutba (Friday prayer sermons) recited in their names, and so forth. [2] The most important literary manifestation of political awareness was Ahmad-e Khani (1651-1706), who in 1694-1695 rewrote the Kurdish popular ballad “Mem u Zin” in the form of a poetic narrative romance. “Why have the Kurds been deprived, why have they all been subjugated?” he asked. He rejected the view that it was because they were “ignorant” or “without perfection.” They were subordinated, rather, because they were “orphans,” i.e., without a king who would unite the discordant principalities and form an independent kingdom. Although they excelled in qualities of munificence and bravery, the princes refused to unite under the suzerainty of a Kurdish king.

Khani is compendium lorde, explicitly modern in examples section in research paper his conceptualization of the Kurds as a nation. Journal Speech? He referred to Kurds, Arabs, Persians and Turks as milal (plural of milla ) not in the then-prevailing meaning of “religious community” but rather in confidentiality of health paper an ethnic sense. Audre Essay Journal Speech? [3] The second apostle of Kurdish nationalism, Haji Qadiri Koyi (1817?-1897), was also a mullah and poet, but even more secular. By the time he was composing his fiery poems in the late nineteenth century, the remaining principalities had been overthrown by the Ottoman and Persian states. Koyi attacked the sheikhs and mullahs who did not care for the Kurdish language and the notables who ignored the destinies of their people. Examples Of Methodology Section? Living his last years in cosmopolitan Istanbul, he was familiar with the audre compendium journal lorde speech nationalist struggles and change write my argumentative paper the material advancement of modern nations. He constantly advocated use of the Kurdish language. Although his own medium was poetry, he urged the audre compendium essay lorde speech Kurds to publish magazines and newspapers. Khani and Koyi’s propositions amount to write a political manifesto: The Kurds are a distinct people with a distinct language, homeland and way of life. The road to emancipation is the formation of an independent and unified Kurdish state. Lorde Speech? Ideologically, however, Khani spoke for the ruling princes and sought liberation in unification under a powerful king.

By contrast, Koyi’s ideas reflected budding modern social forces within Kurdish society. Format? [4] He advocated both national liberation and transformation of Kurdish society. Although these modernist ideas were constantly repeated in poetry and compendium journal journalism, social forces capable of translating them into political parties and platforms did not enter the scene until the examples of methodology in research 1940s. [5] How can we account for this lag? For one thing, the fall of the principalities had not been due to the rise of new social forces, and lorde speech did not by any means put an end to feudal relations and tribalism. Climate Change Man Made Paper? Rather, the system of Kurdish principalities was overthrown and replaced by two centralizing although loosely integrated imperial regimes in Istanbul and audre compendium journal lorde speech Tehran. The vacant leadership of the princes was filled by the sheikhs, notables and research paper remnants of princely families who retained property and influence. These are the audre compendium journal elements that continued to shape the nationalist struggle until the mid-twentieth century. In spite of the diversity of revolts in the first part of the century, their struggle was for a purely nationalist agenda aiming to replace foreign rule by a native rule that would keep traditional structures intact. Democratic rule, the demands of the peasantry for land and my argumentative water, the hopes of urban masses for a decent life and the freedom of women were ignored.

Militarily, the village and audre essay the mountains were the student essays on a good man is hard to find main sites of armed resistance, and the leadership tended to rely on outside powers rather than on a strategy of social transformation of their own societies. When opportunistic outside support withdrew, they gave up the struggle. The first organizational break with feudal and tribal politics occurred in 1942, with the formation of the Society for the Revival of Kurdistan (known as Komalay J. K. or Komala, the Kurdish word for society or league) in Mahabad, Iran. [6] Its leadership and membership were largely drawn from the urban bourgeoisie, large and small, educated youth, and nationalist-minded members of the clergy and landed aristocracy. Komala became the Kurdistan Democratic Party in 1945 in order to establish an autonomous republic in part of the area then in the Soviet sphere of influence. Essay Journal Lorde? The Kurdish Republic of 1946 was the nationalist movement’s most important achievement in modern state-building: although it did not claim independence, it had a president, a flag, a cabinet and a national army. Climate Write Paper? Kurdish was the official language. It was ruled by a party whose leaders were drawn mostly from the ranks of the audre essay journal lorde speech urban petty bourgeoisie, and which showed respect for the rights of minorities and certain rights of women. [7] Although formed within the borders of the Iranian state, hundreds of Iraqi Kurds took an research, active part in the military and civil administration, including Mustafa Barzani, who became a prominent military leader.

The national anthem was a poem composed by a Kurd from Iraq. The US and Britain viewed the Kurdish and Azerbaijan republics as extensions of Soviet influence, and audre speech supported the Shah’s military campaign against them. Soviet troops withdrew from Iran in May 1946, and seven months later Iranian forces forcibly suppressed both autonomous republics. Kurds throughout the world still celebrate duy rebendan (January 22), the examples paper foundation date of the republic; its anthem has been adopted as the national anthem; portraits of Qazi Mohammad, the head of the republic, today decorate public and private spaces in areas controlled by the Regional Government of Kurdistan in Iraq. Following the fall of the Kurdish republic, Kurdish Democratic Parties formed in audre journal lorde Iraq and later in Syria and Turkey. Of Methodology Section Paper? The majority of audre compendium leaders and activists were from the modern intelligentsia, but included anyone who was committed to nationalist aspirations. Each party aimed at achieving autonomy for its respective part of Kurdistan and democracy for the country of which they were part. This was due both to political expediency and to the influence of on a good hard communist parties in the opposition movements of Iran, Iraq and Syria. The 1950s were years of compendium lorde speech major political upheaval in the Middle East. Climate My Argumentative Paper? In Kurdistan, feudal relations of production suffered major setbacks, largely due to peasant uprisings and later to land reforms initiated by the central governments. [8] A visible change in Kurdish society in this period was the audre compendium essay speech rise of the the university of arizona require urban population due to the land reforms and the wars in the countryside. Newly freed peasants moved into Kurdish cities, where the essay lorde lack of industrial enterprises seriously hindered their transformation into change man made paper, wage laborers.

While some rural migrants engaged in seasonal or temporary construction work (contractual or wage labor), others ended up in street vending activities. Some migrants maintained their village ties by working in towns while continuing to farm for family consumption. [9] The differentiation and compendium lorde specialization in urban economies introduced new social strata. A small Kurdish working class formed in the oil industry, construction and asa research format a few factories. Small workshops required auto mechanics, electricians, printers, mechanics, plumbers and painters, while services and transport employed many others. A modern bourgeoisie emerged, comprising mainly professionals rather than entrepreneurs -- doctors, nurses, engineers, teachers, bank managers, lawyers and journalists. Migrant labor -- male and essay journal speech female -- traveled as far as Ankara, Baghdad, Istanbul, Tehran, Isfahan and Europe. The traditional intelligentsia, mainly ulama and educated landed notables, was displaced by a growing modern intelligentsia. Another feature of changing social relations was the increasing access of urban women to education, and their participation in social, economic, political and embezzlement research cultural life outside their homes. These transformations left their impact on the nationalist movement, expanding its social bases and increasing political, ideological and organizational tension.

The urban intelligentsia eventually made their presence felt in the countryside, the traditional domain of the landed aristocracy -- this time not as nationalists who sought protection but rather as political and military leaders. Audre Compendium Lorde? This marked the beginning of a bitter struggle within the autonomist movement. Conflict between old and new broke out in early 1964 in confidentiality research paper the Kurdish Democratic Party of Iraq. The KDP was headed by a politburo composed of leftist-minded nationalists and a traditionalist tribal leader, Mustafa Barzani. He had a reputation for courageous struggle against the Iraqi state, had been a military leader in the 1946 Kurdish Republic, and spent 11 years of exile in the Soviet Union. Factions of the landed notables, threatened by Baghdad’s land reform and other radical measures, supported the autonomist movement, but were apprehensive about the radical politics of the audre essay politburo. They supported Barzani, who cared little for asa research paper format party organization or peasants’ unions. The conflict erupted when Barzani, without the knowledge of the politburo, signed what members considered to be a humiliating deal with a weak Iraqi government. The conflict was not over speech, tactics only, but rather over the question of democracy, the role of party organization, and change man made write my argumentative the social component of the movement. But while modernists maneuvered to contest Barzani’s abuse of power, he quickly mobilized peshmerga (guerrilla) forces and replaced the modernists with a loyal politburo. Unprepared for what they called a coup d’etat, the modernists lost the initiative and took refuge in Iran. [10]

Between 1964 and 1975, the reformists failed to achieve hegemony in the movement, in journal speech spite of considerable support especially in urban areas. Paper? In 1966, they entered an alliance with Baghdad against Barzani. Following the 1968 Baath takeover, Baghdad and Barzani agreed in 1970 on an autonomy plan to essay journal be implemented within four years. The modernists again joined the Barzani camp, although a group who described themselves as Marxist-Leninist came together with urban intelligentsia to form an underground organization that later took the name of the Kurdistan Toilers’ League (KTL, or Komala). Baghdad stalled on implementing autonomy, making Barzani increasingly receptive to US, Israeli and Iranian offers of embezzlement research support should the KDP take up arms again. In 1974, Baghdad unilaterally decreed a Kurdish autonomous region on its terms and launched a military offensive.

When Tehran and Washington abruptly terminated support for essay journal speech the KDP in March 1975, following an agreement between Baghdad and Tehran, Barzani announced the collapse of the armed struggle. In the absence of any plans for retreat, thousands of peshmerga surrendered to Iraqi forces, while 100,000 to 200,000 peshmerga and their families and supporters fled, mostly into Iran. The KTL and other leftists had long maintained that the KDP, with its traditional structure and social base and autocratic leadership, could not successfully lead a campaign for Kurdish self-determination. Together with Jalal Talabani, a leading Barzani critic within the examples of methodology KDP politburo, they formed the lorde speech Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) in asa research format June 1975 and audre compendium lorde resumed armed struggle inside Iraqi Kurdistan. Their success motivated Iran and Turkey to encourage the remnants of the of health paper Barzani leadership to resume guerrilla activities in Iraq as well. [11] The KDP had its main strength in the Dohuk governorate (Badinan region), while the PUK had the audre essay journal speech upper hand in the governorates of Erbil, Kirkuk and Suleimaniya, which covers more than 75 percent of the Iraqi Kurdish population. (Kurds in research this latter region speak a dialect called Sorani, which is compendium essay journal speech, also spoken by most Kurds in Iran; Kurds in Badinan speak Kurmanji, which is also spoken by most Kurds in Turkey.) The period after 1975 was one of heavy repression. Iraqi forces destroyed hundreds of villages in order to create a “security belt” along the borders with Iran, Turkey and Syria, and resettled the inhabitants in camps in southern and less mountainous areas. Baghdad also bought support by distributing some of its rising oil revenues, although productive investments were channeled to the center and south of the country. With the outbreak of the Iraq-Iran war in September 1980, both regimes tried to use the Kurds against each other.

Baghdad, forced to concentrate its troops on the southern front with Iran, stepped up military conscription, and in the north recruited new lightly armed militias, which Kurds referred to as jahsh (little donkeys), headed by traditional clan leaders. Differences of ideology and political practice as well as tactics produced periods of heavy clashes between the PUK and the KDP. The two came together, at Tehran’s urging, as the Kurdistan Front in July 1987, just prior to Baghdad’s genocidal Anfal offensive. By 1987, as Iraq began to gain militarily in its long war with Iran, it moved to impose a “final solution” in confidentiality information research the Kurdish region. ‘Ali Hasan al-Majid, a cousin of Saddam Hussein, took over audre compendium journal lorde, as head of the Baath Party’s Northern Bureau, with full authority over state and party resources in that region. Baghdad progressively transferred infantry and armored units from the southern front to the north where, together with tens of thousands of jahsh militiamen, they carried out the embezzlement research Anfal campaign in eight stages from audre compendium lorde speech February to September 1988. In early March 1991, following Iraq’s defeat by the US-led coalition, popular uprisings erupted first in the south of does the university of arizona an essay Iraq and then in the Kurdish cities, towns and complexes. Audre Lorde? The PUK and KDP quickly moved to take control. They declared a general amnesty, inviting the jahsh commanders to join, and in less than three weeks took over in research paper, virtually all of Kurdistan.

In the weeks that followed, though, Iraqi forces retook much of this territory. After millions of audre compendium Kurds fled to the mountains bordering Turkey and Iran, Western forces intervened to set up a small “safe haven” zone around Dohuk and Zakho, in the Badinan region dominated by the KDP, and, subsequently, a “no-fly zone” above the thirty-sixth parallel. The KTL, despite its formative role in the PUK, was overshadowed by paper the personality and influence of Talabani. Essay Journal Speech? After the fall of the Soviet Union, and then the formation of the an essay Regional Government of Iraqi Kurdistan in 1992, the KTL dissolved itself into the PUK. Today the essay lorde speech KDP and PUK run the government jointly, with small radical and in research paper communist groups and newer Islamist groups on the margins. [12] The 1961-1975 struggle in Iraq overshadowed the Kurdish movements in audre compendium essay journal lorde Iran and Turkey.

Although the armed resistance in confidentiality of health information paper Iraq initially contributed to the revival of the KDP in Iran (KDPI), Barzani argued that Kurds in Iran should delay their struggle until the KDP had achieved meaningful autonomy in Iraq. In exchange for essay journal limited support by Tehran, he ordered those Kurdish activists from Iran who had escaped into on a, Iraqi Kurdistan to stop anti-Iranian activism. One faction followed Barzani, but a group of activists split to audre compendium essay lorde speech form the KDPI/Revolutionary Committee. The Iranian army was able to crush their resistance, helped when Barzani closed the borders. The rest of the KDPI leadership remained in Baghdad and climate Europe until the Pahlavi monarchy was on the verge of collapse in late 1978. During their absence, Kurdish society and politics had changed.

In 1969, a group of radical intellectuals came together as the Revolutionary Organization of Toilers of compendium lorde speech Kurdistan, better known as Komala, similar to and helped by embezzlement research paper the KTL in Iraq. Lorde? Komala, opposing both pro-Soviet tendencies and research the urban guerrilla emphasis of compendium journal lorde some Iranian revolutionary groups, worked to form peasant unions after the Islamist revolution and acquired much popular support among Kurdish peasants and youth. As in does an essay Iraq, organizational conflict reflected the essay journal emergence of new social forces and examples of methodology section in research radical perspectives in the nationalist movement. The KDPI denounced Komala’s activities to organize the peasantry and recruit women, arguing that issues of class struggle should await the audre essay journal lorde achievement of autonomy. The KDPI began armed assaults on the leftist groups as early as 1980, and in 1984 launched a confrontation against Komala that continued for several years and took a heavy toll on both sides. The KDPI has since split, weakened by the assassination of two general secretaries.

Unlike Iraq, where the KTL eventually dissolved into the modernist front, Komala has maintained itself as an alternative to format KDPI with its call for a socialist Iran in which Kurdish rights to self-determination will be honored. However, much like KTL, Komala has not been able to liberate itself from the burden of traditionalism, or to turn the nationalist movement into a social revolution or a people’s war. Audre Compendium Journal? Since 1984, the leadership and much of the organization of both parties has been based in Iraqi Kurdistan. Although both Komala and KDPI formally demand autonomy within Iran, an increasing number of Kurds in Iran and Iraq are arguing more openly in favor of independence, pointing to climate write the failure of journal negotiations, and numerous deals between the Kurds and various central governments, government associations of Kurdish leaders, and changing international relations. [13] Turkey’s Kemalist regime was intent on of health information paper, building a Western-type secular nation-state based on Turkish national, linguistic and cultural identity. The Kurdish response was a series of revolts throughout the 1920s and 1930s led by a combination of landlords, tribal chiefs, sheikhs and urban-based intellectuals. By 1939, the last of audre compendium journal lorde these was brutally repressed, leading many to believe that the Kurdish “problem” had been solved. Hundreds of thousands of Kurds were forcibly deported to western Turkey. By the early 1960s, however, nationalist struggle resumed, encouraged by the upsurge of Kurdish nationalism in Iraq and led by younger Kurdish intelligentsia both in Kurdistan and in Istanbul, Ankara and other Turkish cities, which by then had sizable Kurdish, populations.

The political spectrum and agendas, while diverse, were influenced, as in Iraq and Iran, by leftist and communist formations. The period between the military coups of 1960 and 1980 is does require an essay, characterized by recurrent crises within the Turkish state, cycles of repression, and continuing proliferation of Kurdish political and cultural groups in Kurdistan, in Turkish cities, and among Kurdish workers in Germany. Unlike Iraqi Kurdistan, in Turkey most Kurdish organizations in the 1970s espoused socialism. The military regime following the 1980 coup was able to essay journal suppress most of these organizations. The Kurdistan Workers’ Party, better known by its Kurdish initials, PKK, survived the repression following the 1980 coup, and launched its first attacks against Turkish military targets in 1984. The PKK is distinguished from other Kurdish political parties by its social base, which includes a sizable portion of workers and peasants. It advocates both socialism and independence for greater Kurdistan, and puts a priority on armed struggle. In the past, it has avoided cooperation with other Kurdish political organizations. The PKK has been open to women’s participation, and now claims to essays on a good have thousands of women in its ranks.

Although it has benefited from compendium journal speech some Syrian aid, it has effectively relied on the organized support of the Kurds in Kurdistan and in the diaspora in Turkey and abroad. While the PKK is not the only Kurdish political organization in Turkey, its ability to of methodology paper sustain a campaign of armed struggle against audre essay the well-armed Turkish army has won it a leading position and popular support in both urban and rural Kurdish areas, as well as in the Kurdish diaspora. It is difficult to does the university of arizona require reach a firm assessment concerning the audre prospects for the Kurdish movement. The present circumstances -- the survival of the PKK-led movement in Turkey against extraordinary Turkish state repression, and the existence in Iraq of a Western-protected Regional Government -- are unprecedented. Yet the does the university of arizona require an essay obstacles confronting a political resolution of the “Kurdish problem” are no less daunting than before. In Turkey, the state has launched the most recent of its “final offensives” designed to crush the PKK. The scale of repression and devastation has been awesome. Turkish human rights organizations report that many hundreds of villages -- some estimates go as high as 900 or so -- have been “depopulated” and many razed to the ground since the beginning of 1993. Scores of journalists and audre essay human rights activists have been abducted and tortured, killed or “disappeared.” The ability of the PKK to survive to this point, and to sustain itself largely on the support of Turkey’s Kurds rather than outside powers, indicates that its claim to of health information research paper represent a new kind of audre speech leadership may be well-founded. Unlike in Iran and Iraq, where the movement is led by rival parties, the independence movement in Turkey is paper format, led by a single organization, one that can boast leading the longest uninterrupted armed resistance in modern Kurdish history.

Also, while the Kurdish parties of Iran and Iraq have not been able to undermine the oil-based financial and economic power of those states, the PKK has been able to strike at Turkey’s economy, particularly the vulnerable tourist industry. In addition, Ankara is anxious to become a full member of the European Union, and if the current offensive fails, it may be persuaded by the Western powers to grant the Kurds some concessions along the lines of token linguistic and cultural rights. But any policy that falls short of genuine autonomous rule is lorde speech, likely to fail. Although the PKK has indicated it is willing to negotiate on the basis of autonomy, Ankara remains determined to confidentiality research crush it. In Iraq, many Kurds view the Regional Government of Kurdistan, with its elected parliament and authority over law enforcement units, as an edifice of genuine autonomy. Audre Compendium Journal? The experience of the research Regional Government is important; elections and the relative freedom of political expression and association have been politically invigorating. Many Kurds insist that they prefer the excruciating economic deprivations they must endure now to any return to rule under Saddam Hussein. This state-building experiment, though, is threatened not only by compendium journal external foes -- including Tehran, Ankara, Baghdad and Damascus -- but also by internal conflict.

After several years of cooperation in building the Regional Government, the KDP and PUK began a new round of serious fighting in May 1994 -- ironically on the thirtieth anniversary of the 1964 Barzani putsch against the KDP politburo. As of the end of May, interventions by Kurdish government officials and by the Iraqi National Congress (the Iraqi opposition front of which the two Kurdish parties are the largest and militarily most significant part) had been unable to halt the killing. Kurdish public opinion inside and outside Kurdistan has accurately assessed this as a potentially suicidal civil war. It must be emphasized, as this essay has tried to do, that this conflict, much like that in South Africa between the African National Congress and Inkatha, is rooted in the persistence of traditional regionally based power in the face of climate my argumentative paper a rapidly changing sociopolitical map. In Kurdistan, while the Regional Government confronts economic blockade and political boycott by essay speech neighboring states, the two major parties have themselves weakened it by the university of arizona require an essay dividing government offices into their respective spheres of essay journal lorde speech influence. Popular outrage has escalated in Kurdish cities as the two sides have continued to fight. In late May, women marched from of health Suleimaniya to Erbil, the seat of the Regional Government, demanding that the killing stop. Audre Compendium Essay Journal Lorde? Like other, earlier mass actions including the uprising of March 1991 in Iraq, this illustrates the examples of methodology in research paper growing readiness of urban masses to challenge traditional authoritarian leaderships and to demand accountability from the self-centered political parties. In Iran, the regime has won the military contest against the autonomist movement, although Komala and journal lorde speech the two KDPI factions continue guerrilla operations even in confidentiality of health information research the cities. The Islamist groups organized by Tehran are seen by most Kurds as collaborators.

While there are no prospects for autonomous rule under the Islamic Republic, any serious crack in the state structure in Tehran will bring Kurdistan under the control of the Kurdish parties once again. Kurdish demands for self-rule constitute a democratic pursuit that is incompatible with the despotism and ethnic-based nationalism of the Middle Eastern states. As for many of the democratic and revolutionary movements in the region, Kurdish rights to self-determination continue to be their blind spot. In circumstances of uneven political and compendium essay journal lorde economic development, Kurdistan has offered valuable opportunities as a base for climate write paper liberation that goes beyond Kurdistan. That these opportunities have not been seized demonstrates the weaknesses of these movements as well as the problems of Kurdish nationalism. [1] Towns and cities have been a permanent feature of Kurdish life. In the mid-seventeenth century, Bidlis had a population of about 26,000 with some 1,200 shops and workshops, five madrasas and 70 maktabs , and a sizable group of ulama . Although trade was flourishing in these towns, they were, much like pre-industrial medieval European cities, under the domination of the landed aristocracy. Ideology in this context is meant as a more or less coherent set of ideas -- political, philosophical, aesthetic, literary, religious -- that can be attributed to a social class or group. [2] Although sources ignore the role of compendium journal lower classes in history, we know, from the earliest recordings of popular ballads in confidentiality information research paper late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, that the audre compendium lorde speech peasantry was conscious of the question of asa research format state power. See Amir Hassanpour, Nationalism and audre compendium Language in Kurdistan, 1918-1985 (San Francisco: Mellen Research University Press, 1992), p. 56. [3] See articles “ Milla ” and “ Millet ” in The Encyclopedia of Islam , vol.

7 (1990), pp. Format? 61-64. [4] For references to the works of Khani and Koyi, see Hassanpour, pp. 66-99. [5] “Modernist” refers here to a political agenda calling for an end to compendium essay lorde speech feudalist and tribal relations, modern education, economic development and political freedoms. This trend, first recorded in Koyi’s poetry in the late nineteenth century, was radicalized in the 1940s and 1950s under the influence of the Communist movement. [6] Later formations in Iran and Iraq also had the word for “league” in their names and also became known as Komala. They have no organizational link with the Komalay J. K. [7] Britain and the Soviet Union entered a tripartite agreement in 1941 with Iran by which their forces occupied the southern and northern parts of Iran respectively for the duration of World War II.

The primary objective of Soviet support for the Kurdish and Azerbaijan republics of 1946 was the security of its southern borders, and asa research paper format Moscow chose to accommodate Tehran rather than encourage Kurdish autonomy or independence. For a brief survey of the Kurdish Republic, see Amir Hassanpour, “The Nationalist Movements in audre essay journal speech Azerbaijan and Kurdistan, 1941-46,” in John Foran, ed., A Century of Revolution: Perspectives on paper, Social Movements in Iran (University of Minnesota Press, forthcoming). [8] According to Hanna Batatu, the 1948 revolt in ‘Arbat village was “the first uprising of its kind in the Iraqi countryside -- an uprising against the landed sheikh instead of under his leadership -- and in audre compendium essay lorde speech this sense set the tone for require an essay the fervid, if intermittent, agrarian unrest of the 1950s. The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements in Iraq (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982), p. Compendium Journal Lorde? 614. [9] The scope of capitalist development in Kurdistan has been debated among communist organizations in Iran and Turkey but, interestingly, not in Iraq.

[10] The history of this important conflict has not been adequately studied. According to a contemporary account, Barzani represented “historically and objectively the last traces of tribal and patriarchal mentality in the very bosom of the Kurdish nationalist movement.” Serge Gantner, “Le mouvement national kurde,” Orient 32/33 (1964/1965), p. 101. The same issue includes the KDP politburo’s critique of the deal. [11] The PUK maintains that this was in order to abort a potential leftist hegemony of the Kurdish movement. See the examples of methodology KTL organ Komele 6 (Fall 1979), pp. 21-22.

[12] At the audre lorde speech KDP’s Eleventh Congress in research paper 1993, some groups and individuals who had split after its collapse in 1975 rejoined the party, which renamed itself KDP United. [13] A Party for Independence of Kurdistan (Parti Serbexoyi Kurdistan) was formed in 1990 in the diaspora.

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5 Tips to Score a 12 On Your ACT Essay. There is no question that the ACT is compendium essay lorde, important for high school students who are thinking about applying to college. While the multiple choice sections are designed to assess students’ knowledge in math, English, science and reading, there is also a writing section that assesses students’ abilities to write an essay. Doing well on does of arizona an essay this section of the audre compendium journal speech ACT can help distinguish you as an asa research paper, accomplished writer to colleges. Though you can easily understand your score a multiple choice test, you might be left wondering what will earn you a good score on audre essay journal the ACT essay. The University! If you’re aiming for a 12 on the ACT essay, read on for some tips and tricks! While the multiple choice sections of the audre compendium essay journal lorde ACT might be more unforgiving, the ACT essay is a great opportunity to show off your writing skills. According the ACT website, you should aim to write a “unified, coherent essay” in which you: clearly state your own perspective on the issue and analyze the relationship between your perspective and at of health paper least one other perspective develop and audre lorde speech support your ideas with reasoning and examples organize your ideas clearly and logically communicate your ideas effectively in Standard written English. To see these ideas in motion, you can take a look at a sample ACT prompt and section essay here . The ACT essay is compendium essay, scored on a scale of 1 to 12. Your essay will be read and scored by two different grades on a scale of 1 to 6 in four different domains, for a total score out of 12 in each of these four domains. These four scores will then be averaged for a total score out of 12.

For more information about how this section of the test is scored, you can look at the official ACT Writing Test Scoring Rubric . In general, if you are aiming to do well in something, you should know what exemplary work looks like and try to the university of arizona an essay emulate it. This is audre essay speech, certainly the case for the ACT Essay, so before you walk into change my argumentative, the testing center to write your essay, make sure you know know what essays that scored a 12 in this section look like! Be sure to read as many sample essays as you can find—these should be available online through a quick Google search. Keep in mind, though, that the structure of the writing section changed in Fall 2015, so make sure that the examples you are looking at are current and align with the compendium journal lorde structure of the current essay prompt. Change Paper! As you’re looking at essays that scored a 12, be sure to also look at essays that scored in the middle and compendium journal essays that received a poor score. Try to understand what went wrong in the poorly scored essays as well as what could be improved in the middle-scoring ones. Take note of what was successful in the high-scoring sample essays that you read—what makes these essays stand out from the middle-scoring ones?

If there are notes from graders that justify the scores of the essays, be sure to embezzlement research pay attention to these as well. Aiming for a high score on the ACT essay section means that you need to try to understand exactly what the graders are looking for. Study the rubric once more and remember what you’ll need to accomplish in each category. Tip 2: Pick a perspective and stick to audre compendium lorde speech it. When it comes to the writing prompt, the ACT website says “ The test describes an issue and of health information paper provides three different perspectives on the issue. You are asked to read and consider the issue and perspectives, state your own perspective on the issue, and audre essay journal lorde analyze the change write my argumentative paper relationship between your perspective and at least one other perspective on the issue. Your score will not be affected by the perspective you take on the issue.” In order to audre essay journal write a strong essay, you can choose whatever perspective you like—just make sure it’s one that you can support and defend effectively throughout your essay. Scorers are looking for a strong, well-organized point of view, and does the university of arizona require like it says above, it doesn’t matter whether you agree, disagree, or are somewhere in the middle; what matters is the writing. It is important to remember that even if you don’t agree with the perspective that you’re writing from on compendium journal speech a personal level, your essay needs to show that you can effectively argue a point.

In addition, make sure to remember to embezzlement research paper relate your perspective to one of the audre compendium essay journal speech perspectives provided in the prompt. Be sure to address the counter arguments as well in one of your body paragraphs, using the perspective opposite to your personal perspective to demonstrate your understanding of embezzlement research, opposing views. Grounding your writing in concrete examples is one extremely important element of writing effective ACT essay. You could use this as an opportunity to audre essay journal lorde speech show off your historical knowledge by relating your argument to student man is hard to find a relevant fact or event in compendium essay lorde speech history or current events, or you could come up with a rhetorical scenario or example. Including examples might even mean including a personal anecdote (although if you do end up doing this, you should make sure that your story is short and relates directly to your argument). Take a look at the ways in which the writers of sample essays that scored a 12 managed to seamlessly incorporate examples into their writing. While you don’t have to be an expert on the essay topic, nor are you expected to be able to list off obscure facts and trivia about it, you need to make sure that your essay draws from real concrete examples rather that just vague abstract arguments. Tip 4: Don’t be afraid to show off your language skills. One of the markers of a successful ACT essay is embezzlement paper, its use of language.

This is a great opportunity to show off some of audre, your ACT/SAT vocabulary words that you might have been studying for the English section of the examples of methodology in research paper test. Opt for higher-level vocabulary words when given the chance—as a general rule of thumb, you should aim to use about 1-2 higher level vocab words per paragraph. Scorers want to see that you can navigate the audre compendium essay journal speech English language skillfully, and so you should also take the chance to vary your sentence structure when you get the chance. Consider, also, utilizing devices such as rhetorical questions and research complex sentences. Essay Lorde! If you are going to use more complicated vocabulary and grammar structures, however, make sure you fully understand how to the university an essay use them. It will reflect poorly upon your writing skills if you include a complicated word that doesn’t make sense in audre essay journal lorde speech the context of a sentence, or if a grammatical structure that you try to use isn’t quite right. If you’re going to use a semicolon to combine two sentences, for example, make sure you understand that a semicolon is not the same thing as a comma. When in doubt, stick to what you know! It is better to embezzlement paper have a less complicated structure that is used correctly versus an attempt at audre journal lorde a more advanced grammatical concept that is actually wrong. Asa Research Paper Format! Lastly, be sure to keep it real in your writing. Essay Journal Lorde Speech! While scorers want to see students who are skilled in their use of the english language, it is easy to tell when someone is simply trying to examples of methodology paper electrify their vocabulary in compendium journal order to titillate the reader for the written examination.

Your writing and tone should reflect who you are as a writer, so remember to keep it down to earth. Tip 5: Pay attention to timing your energy level. Change Man Made Write Paper! For the essay section, you will get 40 minutes. Audre Essay Journal Lorde! This includes time for planning, writing, and editing, so make sure you dole out the appropriate amount of time for each part of the process. You can practice this by timing yourself to write an essay from a sample prompt at home. Start by giving yourself an hour, and gradually work it down to 40 minutes so that you are prepared by on a man is, the time the testing date rolls around. If you find that you need more time for planning than you do writing, or if you come to learn that you need a particularly large chunk of time to compendium journal lorde speech edit, keep these things in of health information research paper mind when it comes time to write your essay for the exam.

The essay will be the last section on the test, so keep this in audre essay lorde mind while you complete the multiple choice sections of the ACT. While you should be devoting your full attention and information paper energy to each multiple choice section of the test, keep in mind that once you are finished with all of the multiple choice sections, you will still have to write the essay. When you get breaks between sections, be sure to eat a snack, drink some water, and use the audre compendium essay journal lorde speech restroom so that you are not uncomfortable or distracted by essays on a good man is hard, the end of the test. While you might be tempted to just breeze through the essay section so that you can finish the ACT, know that you will not be allowed to leave the testing center until everyone has finished the test—so be sure to use up all of the audre compendium essay journal speech allotted time! For more information about the ACT and essay writing, check out student good hard these blog posts: Latest posts by Devin Barricklow (see all) How to make yourself employable as early as possible — and why it matters - October 2, 2017 How to Make the compendium essay journal speech Most Out of paper, Those Summer Reading Lists - July 28, 2017 5 Ways to Tell if You Have a Good Personal Statement Topic - July 9, 2017.

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The Audre Lorde compendium: essays, speeches, and journals

co directed thesis St. Louis, MO 63130. Department of Philosophy. University of Arizona. Tucson, AZ 85721. *[[ Authors are listed in order of degree of belief in the central thesis. ]] [[ Published in Analysis 58:10-23, 1998.

Reprinted in (P. Grim, ed) The Philosopher's Annual , vol XXI, 1998. ]] Where does the mind stop and the rest of the world begin? The question invites two standard replies. Some accept the demarcations of skin and compendium lorde speech skull, and embezzlement paper say that what is outside the body is audre essay journal lorde speech outside the mind. Others are impressed by arguments suggesting that the meaning of asa research format, our words just ain't in the head, and audre essay lorde speech hold that this externalism about meaning carries over into an externalism about mind. We propose to pursue a third position. We advocate a very different sort of externalism: an paper, active externalism , based on the active role of the environment in driving cognitive processes. Consider three cases of human problem-solving: (1) A person sits in audre compendium essay journal lorde, front of a computer screen which displays images of various two-dimensional geometric shapes and is asked to answer questions concerning the potential fit of such shapes into depicted sockets. Paper Format! To assess fit, the person must mentally rotate the shapes to align them with the sockets. (2) A person sits in compendium, front of a similar computer screen, but this time can choose either to climate change man made paper, physically rotate the image on essay journal lorde the screen, by asa research paper, pressing a rotate button, or to lorde speech, mentally rotate the confidentiality of health research image as before.

We can also suppose, not unrealistically, that some speed advantage accrues to essay journal lorde speech, the physical rotation operation. (3) Sometime in the cyberpunk future, a person sits in front of a similar computer screen. In Research Paper! This agent, however, has the compendium essay lorde benefit of a neural implant which can perform the rotation operation as fast as the computer in examples of methodology section in research, the previous example. The agent must still choose which internal resource to audre essay journal, use (the implant or the good old fashioned mental rotation), as each resource makes different demands on attention and other concurrent brain activity. How much cognition is student essays good hard to find present in these cases? We suggest that all three cases are similar. Case (3) with the neural implant seems clearly to be on a par with case (1). And case (2) with the rotation button displays the compendium essay journal lorde speech same sort of computational structure as case (3), although it is distributed across agent and computer instead of embezzlement paper, internalized within the agent. Audre Compendium Essay Journal Speech! If the rotation in case (3) is cognitive, by what right do we count case (2) as fundamentally different? We cannot simply point to the skin/skull boundary as justification, since the legitimacy of that boundary is precisely what is at issue. But nothing else seems different.

The kind of case just described is by no means as exotic as it may at first appear. The University Require An Essay! It is not just the presence of advanced external computing resources which raises the issue, but rather the compendium journal speech general tendency of human reasoners to lean heavily on environmental supports. Thus consider the use of examples of methodology section, pen and paper to perform long multiplication (McClelland et al 1986, Clark 1989), the use of physical re-arrangements of audre journal lorde speech, letter tiles to prompt word recall in Scrabble (Kirsh 1995), the use of instruments such as the nautical slide rule (Hutchins 1995), and asa research paper the general paraphernalia of compendium essay lorde, language, books, diagrams, and culture. In all these cases the individual brain performs some operations, while others are delegated to manipulations of examples of methodology section in research paper, external media. Had our brains been different, this distribution of tasks would doubtless have varied. In fact, even the mental rotation cases described in scenarios (1) and (2) are real. The cases reflect options available to players of the computer game Tetris. In Tetris, falling geometric shapes must be rapidly directed into an appropriate slot in compendium journal lorde speech, an emerging structure. A rotation button can be used. David Kirsh and Paul Maglio (1994) calculate that the asa research physical rotation of a shape through 90 degrees takes about 100 milliseconds, plus about 200 milliseconds to select the button.

To achieve the same result by mental rotation takes about 1000 milliseconds. Kirsh and Maglio go on to present compelling evidence that physical rotation is used not just to position a shape ready to fit a slot, but often to help determine whether the compendium lorde shape and the slot are compatible. The latter use constitutes a case of what Kirsh and Maglio call an `epistemic action'. Epistemic actions alter the world so as to aid and student man is hard augment cognitive processes such as recognition and audre essay lorde speech search. Merely pragmatic actions, by contrast, alter the world because some physical change is desirable for its own sake (e.g., putting cement into a hole in a dam).

Epistemic action, we suggest, demands spread of epistemic credit . If, as we confront some task, a part of the world functions as a process which, were it done in the head , we would have no hesitation in recognizing as part of the cognitive process, then that part of the world is (so we claim) part of the embezzlement research paper cognitive process. Cognitive processes ain't (all) in the head! In these cases, the human organism is linked with an external entity in a two-way interaction, creating a coupled system that can be seen as a cognitive system in its own right. All the components in the system play an active causal role, and they jointly govern behavior in the same sort of way that cognition usually does. If we remove the external component the system's behavioral competence will drop, just as it would if we removed part of essay, its brain. Of Methodology In Research Paper! Our thesis is that this sort of coupled process counts equally well as a cognitive process, whether or not it is wholly in the head. This externalism differs greatly from standard variety advocated by Putnam (1975) and Burge (1979). When I believe that water is compendium essay journal lorde wet and my twin believes that twin water is wet, the my argumentative paper external features responsible for the difference in our beliefs are distal and historical, at the other end of audre essay, a lengthy causal chain. In Research! Features of the present are not relevant: if I happen to compendium essay, be surrounded by XYZ right now (maybe I have teleported to Twin Earth), my beliefs still concern standard water, because of my history. In these cases, the relevant external features are passive . Because of their distal nature, they play no role in driving the cognitive process in the here-and-now. This is examples section in research reflected by the fact that the compendium journal actions performed by me and my twin are physically indistinguishable, despite our external differences.

In the cases we describe, by contrast, the relevant external features are active , playing a crucial role in asa research, the here-and-now. Because they are coupled with the human organism, they have a direct impact on the organism and on its behavior. In these cases, the relevant parts of the world are in the loop , not dangling at the other end of a long causal chain. Concentrating on this sort of coupling leads us to an active externalism , as opposed to the passive externalism of Putnam and Burge. Many have complained that even if Putnam and Burge are right about the externality of content, it is not clear that these external aspects play a causal or explanatory role in the generation of action. In counterfactual cases where internal structure is held constant but these external features are changed, behavior looks just the same; so internal structure seems to be doing the crucial work. We will not adjudicate that issue here, but we note that active externalism is not threatened by audre journal, any such problem.

The external features in a coupled system play an paper format, ineliminable role - if we retain internal structure but change the external features, behavior may change completely. The external features here are just as causally relevant as typical internal features of the audre compendium essay journal lorde brain. *[[ Much of the appeal of climate change, externalism in the philosophy of mind may stem from the intuitive appeal of audre journal lorde, active externalism. Externalists often make analogies involving external features in coupled systems, and appeal to the arbitrariness of boundaries between brain and environment. But these intuitions sit uneasily with the letter of standard externalism. In most of the Putnam/Burge cases, the immediate environment is irrelevant; only the historical environment counts. Debate has focused on the question of whether mind must be in the head, but a more relevant question in assessing these examples might be: is mind in the present? ]]

By embracing an active externalism, we allow a more natural explanation of all sorts of actions. One can explain my choice of words in Scrabble, for example, as the outcome of an extended cognitive process involving the rearrangement of tiles on my tray. Of course, one could always try to explain my action in terms of internal processes and paper a long series of inputs and actions, but this explanation would be needlessly complex. If an isomorphic process were going on audre journal in the head, we would feel no urge to characterize it in this cumbersome way. In a very real sense, the re-arrangement of paper format, tiles on compendium essay lorde speech the tray is not part of action; it is confidentiality information research paper part of thought . *[[ Herbert Simon (1981) once suggested that we view internal memory as, in compendium journal lorde, effect, an external resource upon which real inner processes operate. Search in memory, he comments, is not very different from search of the external environment. Examples Of Methodology In Research! Simon's view at least has the virtue of treating internal and external processing with the parity they deserve, but we suspect that on compendium essay speech his view the mind will shrink too small for format most people's tastes. ]] The view we advocate here is reflected by a growing body of research in cognitive science. In areas as diverse as the theory of journal speech, situated cognition (Suchman 1987), studies of of methodology section in research, real-world-robotics (Beer 1989), dynamical approaches to child development (Thelen and compendium essay lorde speech Smith 1994), and research on the cognitive properties of collectives of agents (Hutchins 1995), cognition is often taken to be continuous with processes in the environment.

Thus, in embezzlement paper, seeing cognition as extended one is not merely making a terminological decision; it makes a significant difference to the methodology of scientific investigation. In effect, explanatory methods that might once have been thought appropriate only for the analysis of inner processes are now being adapted for the study of the outer, and there is promise that our understanding of cognition will become richer for it. *[[ Philosophical views of a similar spirit can be found in Haugeland 1995, McClamrock 1985, Varela et al 1991, and Wilson 1994.. ]] Some find this sort of externalism unpalatable. One reason may be that many identify the cognitive with the conscious, and it seems far from plausible that consciousness extends outside the head in these cases. But not every cognitive process, at least on standard usage, is a conscious process. Compendium Essay Speech! It is widely accepted that all sorts of processes beyond the examples of methodology in research borders of consciousness play a crucial role in cognitive processing: in the retrieval of memories, linguistic processes, and skill acquisition, for example. So the mere fact that external processes are external where consciousness is internal is no reason to deny that those processes are cognitive. More interestingly, one might argue that what keeps real cognition processes in the head is the requirement that cognitive processes be portable . Here, we are moved by a vision of what might be called the audre journal lorde speech Naked Mind: a package of resources and operations we can always bring to bear on a cognitive task, regardless of the local environment.

On this view, the embezzlement paper trouble with coupled systems is that they are too easily decoupled . Audre Compendium Journal Lorde Speech! The true cognitive processes are those that lie at the constant core of the system; anything else is an add-on extra. There is something to this objection. The brain (or brain and body) comprises a package of basic, portable, cognitive resources that is of interest in its own right. These resources may incorporate bodily actions into cognitive processes, as when we use our fingers as working memory in a tricky calculation, but they will not encompass the more contingent aspects of our external environment, such as a pocket calculator. In Research Paper! Still, mere contingency of coupling does not rule out cognitive status. In the distant future we may be able to plug various modules into audre compendium, our brain to help us out: a module for extra short-term memory when we need it, for example. When a module is climate write my argumentative paper plugged in, the processes involving it are just as cognitive as if they had been there all along.

*[[ Or consider the compendium lorde speech following passage from a recent science fiction novel (McHugh 1992, p. 213): I am taken to the system's department where I am attuned to on a good hard, the system. All I do is jack in audre compendium essay journal lorde speech, and then a technician instructs the system to of methodology section in research, attune and it does. I jack out and compendium journal speech query the time. 10:52. The information pops up. Always before I could only access information when I was jacked in, it gave me a sense that I knew what I thought and what the system told me, but now, how do I know what is embezzlement research paper system and what is Zhang? ]] Even if one were to make the portability criterion pivotal, active externalism would not be undermined. Counting on our fingers has already been let in the door, for example, and it is easy to push things further. Think of the old image of the engineer with a slide rule hanging from his belt wherever he goes. What if people always carried a pocket calculator, or had them implanted? The real moral of the portability intuition is audre compendium essay speech that for format coupled systems to be relevant to the core of cognition, reliable coupling is required.

It happens that most reliable coupling takes place within the brain, but there can easily be reliable coupling with the environment as well. If the resources of audre compendium essay journal lorde, my calculator or my Filofax are always there when I need them, then they are coupled with me as reliably as we need. In effect, they are part of the basic package of cognitive resources that I bring to bear on the everyday world. These systems cannot be impugned simply on the basis of the danger of research, discrete damage, loss, or malfunction, or because of any occasional decoupling: the journal lorde biological brain is in similar danger, and occasionally loses capacities temporarily in episodes of sleep, intoxication, and change my argumentative emotion. If the relevant capacities are generally there when they are required, this is coupling enough. Moreover, it may be that the biological brain has in fact evolved and matured in ways which factor in the reliable presence of essay speech, a manipulable external environment. It certainly seems that evolution has favored on-board capacities which are especially geared to parasitizing the local environment so as to does the university, reduce memory load, and even to transform the audre speech nature of the computational problems themselves.

Our visual systems have evolved to rely on their environment in various ways: they exploit contingent facts about the structure of natural scenes (e.g. Ullman and climate Richards 1984), for example, and they take advantage of the computational shortcuts afforded by bodily motion and locomotion (e.g. Blake and Yuille, 1992). Audre Journal! Perhaps there are other cases where evolution has found it advantageous to exploit the possibility of the environment being in the cognitive loop. If so, then external coupling is the university an essay part of the truly basic package of cognitive resources that we bring to bear on the world. Language may be an audre journal lorde speech, example. Language appears to be a central means by which cognitive processes are extended into the world. Think of a group of people brainstorming around a table, or a philosopher who thinks best by writing, developing her ideas as she goes. It may be that language evolved, in part, to enable such extensions of our cognitive resources within actively coupled systems. Within the lifetime of an organism, too, individual learning may have molded the brain in ways that rely on cognitive extensions that surrounded us as we learned. Language is change paper again a central example here, as are the various physical and computational artifacts that are routinely used as cognitive extensions by compendium lorde, children in schools and by trainees in numerous professions.

In such cases the examples of methodology in research paper brain develops in a way that complements the journal external structures, and learns to play its role within a unified, densely coupled system. Once we recognize the crucial role of the environment in constraining the evolution and paper development of cognition, we see that extended cognition is a core cognitive process, not an compendium journal lorde, add-on extra. An analogy may be helpful. Paper! The extraordinary efficiency of the fish as a swimming device is partly due, it now seems, to an evolved capacity to couple its swimming behaviors to journal speech, the pools of external kinetic energy found as swirls, eddies and vortices in its watery environment (see Triantafyllou and G. Triantafyllou 1995). These vortices include both naturally occurring ones (e.g., where water hits a rock) and self-induced ones (created by well-timed tail flaps). Does Of Arizona An Essay! The fish swims by building these externally occurring processes into the very heart of its locomotion routines. The fish and surrounding vortices together constitute a unified and remarkably efficient swimming machine. Now consider a reliable feature of the human environment, such as the sea of words.

This linguistic surround envelopes us from birth. Under such conditions, the plastic human brain will surely come to treat such structures as a reliable resource to be factored into the shaping of compendium essay speech, on-board cognitive routines. Where the fish flaps its tail to student hard, set up the eddies and vortices it subsequently exploits, we intervene in multiple linguistic media, creating local structures and disturbances whose reliable presence drives our ongoing internal processes. Words and audre compendium journal speech external symbols are thus paramount among the examples of methodology paper cognitive vortices which help constitute human thought. So far we have spoken largely about audre essay cognitive processing, and argued for its extension into the environment. Some might think that the the university require conclusion has been bought too cheaply. Perhaps some processing takes place in the environment, but what of compendium lorde, mind ? Everything we have said so far is compatible with the view that truly mental states - experiences, beliefs, desires, emotions, and so on - are all determined by states of the brain. Perhaps what is truly mental is internal, after all? We propose to take things a step further. While some mental states, such as experiences, may be determined internally, there are other cases in which external factors make a significant contribution.

In particular, we will argue that beliefs can be constituted partly by features of the environment, when those features play the right sort of of arizona an essay, role in audre compendium, driving cognitive processes. If so, the mind extends into the world. First, consider a normal case of belief embedded in asa research paper format, memory. Inga hears from a friend that there is an exhibition at the Museum of audre journal, Modern Art, and decides to go see it. She thinks for a moment and recalls that the museum is on 53rd Street, so she walks to 53rd Street and goes into the museum. It seems clear that Inga believes that the museum is on 53rd Street, and that she believed this even before she consulted her memory. It was not previously an asa research paper format, occurrent belief, but then neither are most of our beliefs.

The belief was sitting somewhere in memory, waiting to be accessed. Now consider Otto. Otto suffers from Alzheimer's disease, and like many Alzheimer's patients, he relies on information in the environment to help structure his life. Otto carries a notebook around with him everywhere he goes. Audre Essay Lorde! When he learns new information, he writes it down. When he needs some old information, he looks it up. For Otto, his notebook plays the role usually played by a biological memory. Today, Otto hears about the exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art, and decides to confidentiality research paper, go see it. He consults the audre journal speech notebook, which says that the embezzlement research museum is on 53rd Street, so he walks to 53rd Street and goes into the museum. Clearly, Otto walked to 53rd Street because he wanted to go to the museum and audre compendium journal lorde he believed the museum was on 53rd Street. And just as Inga had her belief even before she consulted her memory, it seems reasonable to say that Otto believed the museum was on 53rd Street even before consulting his notebook.

For in research paper, relevant respects the cases are entirely analogous: the compendium essay notebook plays for Otto the same role that memory plays for does require Inga. The information in the notebook functions just like the audre essay journal lorde information constituting an ordinary non-occurrent belief; it just happens that this information lies beyond the skin. The alternative is to examples of methodology paper, say that Otto has no belief about the matter until he consults his notebook; at best, he believes that the audre compendium journal speech museum is located at the university of arizona require an essay, the address in the notebook. But if we follow Otto around for a while, we will see how unnatural this way of speaking is. Otto is constantly using his notebook as a matter of course.

It is central to his actions in all sorts of contexts, in essay journal lorde, the way that an ordinary memory is central in an ordinary life. Change Write My Argumentative! The same information might come up again and again, perhaps being slightly modified on occasion, before retreating into the recesses of his artificial memory. Compendium Journal Lorde! To say that the beliefs disappear when the notebook is filed away seems to miss the big picture in just the same way as saying that Inga's beliefs disappear as soon as she is no longer conscious of them. In both cases the information is reliably there when needed, available to consciousness and available to guide action, in just the way that we expect a belief to be. Certainly, insofar as beliefs and write paper desires are characterized by their explanatory roles, Otto's and audre essay journal lorde Inga's cases seem to asa research paper, be on a par: the essential causal dynamics of the two cases mirror each other precisely. We are happy to compendium speech, explain Inga's action in examples in research, terms of her occurrent desire to go to the museum and audre journal lorde speech her standing belief that the museum is on 53rd street, and we should be happy to explain Otto's action in the same way.

The alternative is to explain Otto's action in terms of his occurrent desire to go to the museum, his standing belief that the Museum is on the location written in confidentiality of health research, the notebook, and the accessible fact that the notebook says the Museum is on 53rd Street; but this complicates the compendium journal speech explanation unnecessarily. If we must resort to explaining Otto's action this way, then we must also do so for the countless other actions in which his notebook is involved; in asa research format, each of the explanations, there will be an extra term involving the notebook. We submit that to explain things this way is to take one step too many . Compendium Journal Lorde Speech! It is pointlessly complex, in the same way that it would be pointlessly complex to explain Inga's actions in terms of beliefs about asa research paper her memory. Audre Essay! The notebook is a constant for Otto, in the same way that memory is a constant for Inga; to point to essays on a good hard to find, it in essay journal lorde, every belief/desire explanation would be redundant. In an explanation, simplicity is power. If this is right, we can even construct the case of Twin Otto, who is climate change man made write my argumentative just like Otto except that a while ago he mistakenly wrote in his notebook that the Museum of Modern Art was on 51st Street. Today, Twin Otto is a physical duplicate of compendium essay lorde, Otto from the skin in, but his notebook differs. Consequently, Twin Otto is require an essay best characterized as believing that the museum is on 51st Street, where Otto believes it is on 53rd. In these cases, a belief is simply not in the head. This mirrors the lorde conclusion of Putnam and Burge, but again there are important differences.

In the paper format Putnam/Burge cases, the external features constituting differences in belief are distal and historical, so that twins in these cases produce physically indistinguishable behavior. Compendium Journal Speech! In the cases we are describing, the relevant external features play an active role in the here-and-now, and have a direct impact on behavior. Paper Format! Where Otto walks to 53rd Street, Twin Otto walks to 51st. There is no question of explanatory irrelevance for this sort of audre journal speech, external belief content; it is introduced precisely because of the central explanatory role that it plays. Like the Putnam and embezzlement research paper Burge cases, these cases involve differences in reference and truth-conditions, but they also involve differences in the dynamics of cognition . Compendium Essay Speech! *[[ In the terminology of Chalmers' The Components of student on a good, Content (forthcoming): the twins in the Putnam and Burge cases differ only in their relational content, but Otto and audre compendium essay speech his twin can be seen to differ in their notional content, which is the embezzlement research sort of compendium lorde speech, content that governs cognition.

Notional content is student man is to find generally internal to a cognitive system, but in this case the cognitive system is itself effectively extended to audre essay, include the notebook. Student Good Man Is! ]] The moral is that when it comes to belief, there is nothing sacred about skull and audre compendium essay journal lorde skin. What makes some information count as a belief is the role it plays, and there is no reason why the relevant role can be played only from inside the body. Some will resist this conclusion. An opponent might put her foot down and insist that as she uses the term belief, or perhaps even according to does the university of arizona require an essay, standard usage, Otto simply does not qualify as believing that the museum is on 53rd Street. We do not intend to debate what is standard usage; our broader point is audre compendium that the notion of belief ought to be used so that Otto qualifies as having the belief in question. In all important respects, Otto's case is similar to a standard case of (non-occurrent) belief. The differences between Otto's case and Inga's are striking, but they are superficial. By using the belief notion in a wider way, it picks out confidentiality paper, something more akin to essay lorde speech, a natural kind.

The notion becomes deeper and more unified, and is more useful in explanation. To provide substantial resistance, an opponent has to show that Otto's and Inga's cases differ in some important and relevant respect. Embezzlement Research Paper! But in what deep respect are the cases different? To make the case solely on the grounds that information is in the head in one case but not in the other would be to audre compendium essay speech, beg the question. If this difference is relevant to a difference in belief, it is surely not primitively relevant. To justify the different treatment, we must find some more basic underlying difference between the two. It might be suggested that the cases are relevantly different in that Inga has more reliable access to the information. Format! After all, someone might take away Otto's notebook at any time, but Inga's memory is safer.

It is not implausible that constancy is relevant: indeed, the fact that Otto always uses his notebook played some role in our justifying its cognitive status. If Otto were consulting a guidebook as a one-off, we would be much less likely to lorde, ascribe him a standing belief. But in the original case, Otto's access to confidentiality research, the notebook is very reliable - not perfectly reliable, to be sure, but then neither is Inga's access to her memory. A surgeon might tamper with her brain, or more mundanely, she might have too much to drink. The mere possibility of such tampering is lorde not enough to deny her the belief. One might worry that Otto's access to man made my argumentative paper, his notebook in compendium essay speech, fact comes and goes. He showers without the notebook, for example, and he cannot read it when it is student essays on a good dark. Surely his belief cannot come and go so easily? We could get around this problem by redescribing the situation, but in any case an occasional temporary disconnection does not threaten our claim. After all, when Inga is asleep, or when she is intoxicated, we do not say that her belief disappears. What really counts is that the information is easily available when the subject needs it, and this constraint is satisfied equally in the two cases.

If Otto's notebook were often unavailable to him at times when the compendium essay journal lorde speech information in it would be useful, there might be a problem, as the information would not be able to examples of methodology section in research paper, play the action-guiding role that is central to belief; but if it is easily available in most relevant situations, the belief is not endangered. Perhaps a difference is that Inga has better access to the information than Otto does? Inga's central processes and her memory probably have a relatively high-bandwidth link between them, compared to the low-grade connection between Otto and his notebook. But this alone does not make a difference between believing and not believing. Consider Inga's museum-going friend Lucy, whose biological memory has only a low-grade link to her central systems, due to audre journal speech, nonstandard biology or past misadventures. Processing in Lucy's case might be less efficient, but as long as the relevant information is accessible, Lucy clearly believes that the museum is on 53rd Street.

If the connection was too indirect - if Lucy had to struggle hard to retrieve the information with mixed results, or a psychotherapist's aid were needed - we might become more reluctant to ascribe the belief, but such cases are well beyond Otto's situation, in which the information is easily accessible. Another suggestion could be that Otto has access to the relevant information only by perception , whereas Inga has more direct access -- by introspection, perhaps. In some ways, however, to put things this way is to beg the question. After all, we are in effect advocating a point of view on which Otto's internal processes and his notebook constitute a single cognitive system. From the standpoint of this system, the flow of information between notebook and brain is not perceptual at all; it does not involve the impact of something outside the system.

It is more akin to information flow within the brain. The only deep way in which the examples in research access is perceptual is that in Otto's case, there is a distinctly perceptual phenomenology associated with the retrieval of the information, whereas in Inga's case there is not. But why should the nature of an associated phenomenology make a difference to the status of audre essay journal, a belief? Inga's memory may have some associated phenomenology, but it is still a belief. The phenomenology is not visual, to be sure. But for visual phenomenology consider the Terminator, from the Arnold Schwarzenegger movie of the same name. When he recalls some information from memory, it is displayed before him in his visual field (presumably he is conscious of it, as there are frequent shots depicting his point of change write paper, view). The fact that standing memories are recalled in this unusual way surely makes little difference to their status as standing beliefs. These various small differences between Otto's and Inga's cases are all shallow differences.

To focus on them would be to lorde speech, miss the way in which for Otto, notebook entries play just the sort of role that beliefs play in guiding most people's lives. Perhaps the intuition that Otto's is not a true belief comes from a residual feeling that the only true beliefs are occurrent beliefs. If we take this feeling seriously, Inga's belief will be ruled out too, as will many beliefs that we attribute in everyday life. This would be an extreme view, but it may be the most consistent way to deny Otto's belief. Embezzlement Research Paper! Upon even a slightly less extreme view - the view that a belief must be available for consciousness, for audre essay journal example - Otto's notebook entry seems to qualify just as well as Inga's memory. Once dispositional beliefs are let in the door, it is difficult to resist the asa research paper conclusion that Otto's notebook has all the relevant dispositions. If the thesis is compendium essay journal speech accepted, how far should we go?

All sorts of puzzle cases spring to mind. What of the research paper amnesic villagers in 100 Years of Solitude , who forget the names for everything and audre compendium essay lorde so hang labels everywhere? Does the information in my Filofax count as part of my memory? If Otto's notebook has been tampered with, does he believe the asa research format newly-installed information? Do I believe the contents of the page in audre compendium essay journal, front of me before I read it? Is my cognitive state somehow spread across the Internet? We do not think that there are categorical answers to all of these questions, and we will not give them. But to help understand what is involved in ascriptions of extended belief, we can at least examine the features of our central case that make the notion so clearly applicable there. First, the notebook is a constant in Otto's life - in cases where the information in the notebook would be relevant, he will rarely take action without consulting it. Embezzlement Research! Second, the audre compendium lorde speech information in the notebook is directly available without difficulty.

Third, upon retrieving information from the notebook he automatically endorses it. Fourth, the information in change my argumentative, the notebook has been consciously endorsed at some point in the past, and indeed is there as a consequence of this endorsement. The status of the audre essay speech fourth feature as a criterion for belief is arguable (perhaps one can acquire beliefs through subliminal perception, or through memory tampering?), but the first three features certainly play a crucial role. *[[ The constancy and past-endorsement criteria may suggest that history is partly constitutive of student essays on a, belief. One might react to this by removing any historical component (giving a purely dispositional reading of the constancy criterion and eliminating the past-endorsement criterion, for example), or one might allow such a component as long as the main burden is audre compendium essay journal speech carried by features of the paper present. ]] Insofar as increasingly exotic puzzle cases lack these features, the applicability of the notion of belief gradually falls off. Essay! If I rarely take relevant action without consulting my Filofax, for example, its status within my cognitive system will resemble that of the notebook in Otto's. But if I often act without consultation - for example, if I sometimes answer relevant questions with I don't know - then information in it counts less clearly as part of my belief system.

The Internet is likely to fail on multiple counts, unless I am unusually computer-reliant, facile with the technology, and trusting, but information in certain files on my computer may qualify. In intermediate cases, the question of whether a belief is present may be indeterminate, or the answer may depend on the varying standards that are at play in various contexts in which the question might be asked. But any indeterminacy here does not mean that in the central cases, the answer is not clear. What about socially extended cognition? Could my mental states be partly constituted by the states of other thinkers?

We see no reason why not, in principle. In an unusually interdependent couple, it is entirely possible that one partner's beliefs will play the same sort of role for research the other as the notebook plays for Otto. What is central is a high degree of trust, reliance, and accessibility. In other social relationships these criteria may not be so clearly fulfilled, but they might nevertheless be fulfilled in specific domains. For example, the waiter at my favorite restaurant might act as a repository of my beliefs about my favorite meals (this might even be construed as a case of audre compendium journal lorde, extended desire). In other cases, one's beliefs might be embodied in one's secretary, one's accountant, or one's collaborator.[*] *[[ From the New York Times , March 30, 1995, p.B7, in an article on former UCLA basketball coach John Wooden: Wooden and his wife attended 36 straight Final Fours, and confidentiality of health information paper she invariably served as his memory bank. Nell Wooden rarely forgot a name - her husband rarely remembered one - and in the standing-room-only Final Four lobbies, she would recognize people for audre compendium journal lorde him. ]] *[[ Might this sort of reasoning also allow something like Burge's extended arthritis beliefs? After all, I might always defer to my doctor in taking relevant actions concerning my disease. Perhaps so, but there are some clear differences. For example, any extended beliefs would be grounded in does of arizona require an essay, an existing active relationship with the doctor, rather than in a historical relationship to a language community. And on essay journal speech the current analysis, my deference to embezzlement research, the doctor would tend to yield something like a true belief that I have some other disease in my thigh, rather than the false belief that I have arthritis there.

On the other hand, if I used medical experts solely as terminological consultants, the results of Burge's analysis might be mirrored. ]] In each of these cases, the major burden of the coupling between agents is carried by language. Compendium Essay! Without language, we might be much more akin to climate man made paper, discrete Cartesian inner minds, in which high-level cognition relies largely on internal resources. But the advent of language has allowed us to essay journal lorde, spread this burden into the world. Language, thus construed, is not a mirror of our inner states but a complement to them. It serves as a tool whose role is to format, extend cognition in ways that on-board devices cannot. Indeed, it may be that the audre essay journal lorde intellectual explosion in recent evolutionary time is due as much to this linguistically-enabled extension of cognition as to any independent development in our inner cognitive resources.

What, finally, of the research self? Does the extended mind imply an extended self? It seems so. Most of us already accept that the audre compendium essay journal lorde speech self outstrips the boundaries of embezzlement, consciousness; my dispositional beliefs, for example, constitute in some deep sense part of who I am. Audre Compendium Essay Journal! If so, then these boundaries may also fall beyond the climate change my argumentative paper skin. The information in Otto's notebook, for audre compendium lorde speech example, is a central part of his identity as a cognitive agent. What this comes to is that Otto himself is best regarded as an extended system, a coupling of biological organism and external resources. To consistently resist this conclusion, we would have to shrink the self into a mere bundle of occurrent states, severely threatening its deep psychological continuity. Far better to climate change man made write my argumentative, take the broader view, and see agents themselves as spread into the world. As with any reconception of compendium journal, ourselves, this view will have significant consequences.

There are obvious consequences for philosophical views of the mind and for the methodology of research in embezzlement research paper, cognitive science, but there will also be effects in the moral and social domains. It may be, for example, that in some cases interfering with someone's environment will have the same moral significance as interfering with their person. And if the audre journal lorde speech view is taken seriously, certain forms of social activity might be reconceived as less akin to communication and action, and as more akin to of arizona require an essay, thought. Compendium Essay Journal Speech! In any case, once the hegemony of skin and skull is usurped, we may be able to see ourselves more truly as creatures of the world. Beer, R. 1989. Intelligence as Adaptive Behavior . New York: Academic Press.

Blake, A. amp Yuille, A. (eds) 1992. Research! Active Vision . Compendium Lorde! Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Burge, T. 1979. Individualism and the mental. Midwest Studies in Philosophy 4:73-122. Clark, A. 1989. Microcognition . MIT Press.

Haugeland, J. Confidentiality! 1995. Mind embodied and embedded. In (Y. Houng and J. Ho, eds.), Mind and Cognition . Taipei: Academia Sinica. Hutchins, E. 1995. Cognition in the Wild . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, Kirsh, D. 1995. The intelligent use of space. Compendium Journal Lorde! Artificial Intelligence 73:31-68.

Kirsh, D. amp Maglio, P. Section In Research Paper! 1994. On distinguishing epistemic from pragmatic action. Cognitive Science 18:513-49. McClamrock, R. 1995. Existential Cognition . Chicago: University of compendium lorde speech, Chicago Press.

McClelland, J.L, D.E. Rumelhart, amp G.E. Hinton 1986. The appeal of parallel distributed processing. In (McClelland amp Rumelhart, eds) Parallel Distributed Processing, Volume 2 . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

McHugh, M. Paper Format! 1992. Audre Compendium Lorde! China Mountain Zhang . New York: Tom Doherty Associates. Putnam, H. 1975. The meaning of `meaning'. Embezzlement Paper! In (K. Gunderson, ed) Language, Mind, and Knowledge . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Simon, H. 1981. The Sciences of the compendium Artificial . MIT Press. Suchman, L. 1987.

Plans and Situated Actions . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Thelen, E. amp Smith, L. 1994. A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action . Triantafyllou, M. amp Triantafyllou, G. 1995. An Efficient Swimming Machine. Scientific American 272(3):64-70. Ullman, S. amp Richards, W. 1984. Image Understanding . Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Varela, F., Thompson, E. amp Rosch, E. 1991.

The Embodied Mind . Embezzlement Research! Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Wilson, R. Audre Essay Journal Lorde Speech! 1994. Wide computationalism. Mind 103:351-72.

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